Black-bellied Whistling Ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis autumnalis), formerly known as “tree ducks,” because they are among the few waterfowl species that often perch in trees. These gregarious, mostly terrestrial, medium-sized dabblers are sexually monomorphic, meaning that both male and female black-bellied whistlers look similar, requiring cloacal examinations to accurately differentiate. They possess an “upright,” goose-like, posture formed by long, pale, bubble-gum pink feet and an elongated neck. Bright red-pink bills. As their name suggests, the underbelly and tail of this species is black, making their conspicuously large bright wing patches distinct whether folded or in flight. Upper wing coverts closely match grayish head plumage, the brown crown trailing down the neck and into the richly chestnut body. In flight, relatively slow wingbeats, sometimes in sizeable flocks, dark forms with large conspicuous white wing patches, contrasting black primaries, long legs under tail, constantly vocalizing high-pitched pee-chee-chee sounding whistle, to which they will readily decoy, and for which their Spanish name, pichiguila (pronounced peach-ee-whee-la) is derived.
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Black-bellied whistling ducks have a relatively small breeding range because they frequently will inhabit the same place year-round. Those that do migrate use land in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. Those that do not migrate remain on the entirety of the coasts of Mexico, Arizona, and Florida. This species will form lifelong pair bonds, which is uncommon among most dabblers, choosing nesting sites together. Black-bellied whistling ducks build nests within natural or manmade cavities in heavily wooded areas or thickets. They will exhibit intraspecific brood parasitism, dumping their eggs in another pair’s nest.
Primarily herbivorous, black-bellied whistling ducks can be found foraging nocturnally in lawns, agricultural fields, and shallow freshwater. Commonly consumed plant and animal materials include, but are not limited to, smartweed, sedges, millet, wheat, corn, spiders, and snails.
Black-bellied whistling ducks have adapted well to manmade areas which may be the difference between prospering and struggling populations. Historically limited to gulf coastal areas, black-bellied whistling duck distribution seems to be expanding. Post-hurricanes Katrina and Rita, in 2005, sightings and observed nest site observations became common throughout Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi delta regions, especially during the summer with many hunters reporting that black-bellied whistlers migrating out no later than mid-September. More recently, black-bellied whistling ducks are being observed much further north during the nesting period, to include Ohio, Delaware, Indiana. In January 2021, good numbers of black-bellied whistler were encountered while hunting one morning and am greatly encouraged.
There are 2 subspecies of black-bellied whistling ducks worldwide. The nominate race (D. a. autumnalis) is described above. The southern race (A. a. discolor) ranges from northern Argentina to Panama, where it may intergrade with autumnalis. The southern black-bellied whistling duck looks similar to the northern subspecies, but is somewhat smaller, duller, having a dull gray mantle and chest.